RHCG Membrane Protein Introduction

Introduction of RHCG

Rh type C glycoprotein (RHCG), encoded by the gene RHCG, is a member of Rhesus (Rh) family. It was originally identified as Rh blood group antigens in human erythroid cells and is widely expressed in ammonia-transporting organs, including kidneys, CNS, testes, lung, liver, stomach and intestinal tract. Especially, RHCG is widely expressed in different tissues where ammonia metabolism is indispensable for exerting normal biological functions. RHCG shares a common folding structure with ammonia transporter that is characterized by the presence of 12 transmembrane-spanning segments.

Function of RHCG Membrane Protein

Functioning as an ammonia-specific transporter, RHCG plays a critical role in ammonium handling and pH homeostasis in many physiological processes. Recently, RHCG is widely studied in oncology. It has been confirmed that RHCG could exert suppression effects on cell proliferation, migration, and invasions in various cancers, such as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), cervical cancer, and prostate cancer. RHCG is shown to suppress cancer progression through inhibiting migration and inducing apoptosis regulated by TGF-β1, suggesting the potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for human cancers. In addition, it is reported that TNF-α may promote ammonia transport from the blood to brain tissues and then exacerbate the toxic effects of ammonia by upregulating RHCG.

Fig.1 A model illustrating how the Rh proteins-Rhag (in the erythrocyte membranes). (Wright, 2009)

Application of RHCG Membrane Protein in Literature

1. Wang D.G., et al. RHCG suppresses cervical cancer progression through inhibiting migration and inducing apoptosis regulated by TGF-beta1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018, 503(1): 86-93. PubMed ID: 29852177
   
   

   This article indicates that RHCG can suppress cervical cancer progression through inhibiting migration and inducing apoptosis regulated by TGF-β1, suggesting the potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for human cervical cancer.

2. Ming X.Y., et al. RHCG Suppresses Tumorigenicity and Metastasis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Inhibiting NF-kappaB Signaling and MMP1 Expression. Theranostics. 2018, 8: 185-198. PubMed ID: 29290801
   
   

   This article demonstrates that RHCG can inhibit clonogenicity, cell motility, tumor formation and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and MMP1 expression.

3. Strand S.H., et al. RHCG and TCAF1 promoter hypermethylation predicts biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy. Oncotarget. 2017, 8: 5774-5788. PubMed ID: 28052017
   
   

   This article suggests that methylation of the RHCG-TCAF1 panel adds significant independent prognostic value to established prognostic parameters for prostate cancer and thus may help to guide treatment decisions in the future.

4. Bourgeois S., et al. The ammonia transporter RhCG modulates urinary acidification by interacting with the vacuolar proton-ATPases in renal intercalated cells. Kidney Int. 2018, 93: 390-402. PubMed ID: 29054531
   
   

   This article suggests that RhCG modulates the proton-ATPase function and urinary acidification, whereas proton-ATPase activity does not affect RhCG function, which may help to coordinate ammonia and proton secretion beyond physicochemical driving forces.

5. Lee H.W., et al. Expression of the rhesus glycoproteins, ammonia transporter family members, RHCG and RHBG in male reproductive organs. Reproduction. 2013, 146: 283-296. PubMed ID: 23904565
   
   

   This article concludes that both Rhbg and Rhcg are highly expressed in specific cells in the male reproductive tract where they can contribute to multiple components of male fertility.

RHCG Preparation Options

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Reference

1. Wright PA and Wood CM. (2009). A new paradigm for ammonia excretion in aquatic animals: role of Rhesus (Rh) glycoproteins. J Exp Biol. 212: 2303-2312.

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