RHD Membrane Protein Introduction

Introduction of RHD

Blood group Rh(D) polypeptide (RHD), also known as Rh blood group D antigen, Rh polypeptide 1 (RhPI) or cluster of differentiation 240D (CD240D), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RHD gene. The RH locus is composed of the RHD and RHCE genes, which share a high level of the homology and are organized in tandem on chromosome 1p34-p36. RHD polypeptide is predicted to contain 11 hydrophobic transmembrane (TM) domains.

Basic Information of RHD
Protein Name	Blood group Rh(D) polypeptide
Gene Name	RHD
Aliases	RHXIII, Rh polypeptide 2, RhPII, Rhesus D antigen, CD_antigen: CD240D
Organism	Homo sapiens (Human)
UniProt ID	Q02161
Transmembrane Times	11
Length (aa)	417
Sequence	MSSKYPRSVRRCLPLWALTLEAALILLFYFFTHYDASLEDQKGLVASYQVGQDLTVMAAIGLGFLTSSFRRHSWSSVAFNLFMLALGVQWAILLDGFLSQFPSGKVVITLFSIRLATMSALSVLISVDAVLGKVNLAQLVVMVLVEVTALGNLRMVISNIFNTDYHMNMMHIYVFAAYFGLSVAWCLPKPLPEGTEDKDQTATIPSLSAMLGALFLWMFWPSFNSALLRSPIERKNAVFNTYYAVAVSVVTAISGSSLAHPQGKISKTYVHSAVLAGGVAVGTSCHLIPSPWLAMVLGLVAGLISVGGAKYLPGCCNRVLGIPHSSIMGYNFSLLGLLGEIIYIVLLVLDTVGAGNGMIGFQVLLSIGELSLAIVIALMSGLLTGLLLNLKIWKAPHEAKYFDDQVFWKFPHLAVGF

Function of RHD Membrane Protein

RH blood group system is one of the important blood groups that are important in transfusion and clinical medicine because of the involvement in the hemolytic disease of the newborn, transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemias, and hemolytic reactions of nonimmune origin. As an important polypeptide of RH blood system, RHD antigen determines the subtype of Rh-positive and Rh-negative according to its presence or absence on the surface of erythrocytes. In addition, RHD may be part of an oligomeric complex which is likely to have a transport or channel function in the erythrocyte membrane. There are several nonerythroid homologues of RHD have been identified (RhBG and RhCG), notably in diverse organs specialized in ammonia production and excretion, such as kidney, liver, and intestine.

RHD Membrane Protein Introduction Fig.1 Molecular structure of RhCG. (Gruswitz, 2010)

Application of RHD Membrane Protein in Literature

Jelavic B., et al. ABO and RhD Blood Groups in Nasal Polyposis. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018, 56(1): 21-24. PubMed ID: 29988267

This article studied ABO and RhD blood group distribution in nasal polyposis (NP) patients and found that the ABO and RhD blood group systems are not associated with the development of NP.
Kulkarni S.S., et al. RHD-Positive Alleles among D^- C/E⁺ Individuals from India. Transfus Med Hemother. 2018, 45(3): 173-177. PubMed ID: 29928172

This article reported the molecular bases of D antigen negativity in the D^-, C/E⁺ Indian population firstly, which appeared to be qualitatively similar to other populations, but with a population-specific, quantitative distribution of D^- alleles.
Dundar Yenilmez E., et al. A new biosensor for noninvasive determination of fetal RHD status in maternal blood of RhD negative pregnant women. PLoS One. 2018, 13(6): e0197855. PubMed ID: 29874251

This study suggested that the biosensor techniques could become an alternative part of fetal RHD genotyping from maternal plasma as a prenatal screening in the management of RhD incompatibility.
Laget L., et al. Relevance and costs of RHD genotyping in women with a weak D phenotype. Transfus Clin Biol. 2019, 26(1): 27-31. PubMed ID: 29866395

This article showed that performing RHD genotyping for pregnant women with a weak D phenotype enabled to clearly identify weak D type 1, 2 or 3 from other variants at risk of alloimmunization. This analysis generated savings in terms of follow-up schedule of pregnant women and RhIG prophylaxis.
Manfroi S., et al. Prenatal non-invasive foetal RHD genotyping: diagnostic accuracy of a test as a guide for appropriate administration of antenatal anti-D immunoprophylaxis. Blood Transfus. 2018, 16(6): 514-524. PubMed ID: 29757138

This study demonstrated that foetal RHD detection on maternal plasma using a commercial multiple-exon assay was a reliable and accurate tool to predict foetal RhD phenotype. It could be a safe guide for the appropriate administration of targeted prenatal immunoprophylaxis.

RHD Preparation Options

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Reference

Gruswitz F, et al. (2010). Function of human Rh based on structure of RhCG at 2.1 A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107: 9638-9643.

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