Introduction of ADGRG2

ADGRG2, also known as G-protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64) or Human epididymis-specific protein 6 (HE6), is a protein encoded by the ADGRG2 gene. It is an orphan receptor characterized by a long N-terminus with that has been suggested to be highly glycosylated. Studies have shown that the N-terminus of ADGRG2 is cleaved at the GPS domain to allow for trafficking to the plasma membrane. And the N-terminus after cleavage is believed to remain non-covalently associated with the 7TM.

Function of ADGRG2 Membrane Protein

ADGRG2 belongs to the seven transmembrane receptor superfamily, which regulates approximately 80% of signal transduction across the plasma membrane and accounts for 30% of current clinical prescription drug targets.Studies have suggested that it is mainly expressed in human and mouse epididymis as well as human prostate and parathyroid. Importantly, ADGRG2 plays a pivotal role in cancer development and progression. It has been reported that ADGRG2 could promote tumor invasion and metastasis through induction of the placental growth factor (PGF) and metalloproteinase (MMP1) expression. It has been reported that the level of ADGRG2 is significantly upregulated in parathyroid tumors collected from patients with parathyroid hormone. What’s more, ADGRG2 can also use as a novel target gene candidate in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma caused by dysregulation of β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) signaling by using oligonucleotide microarrays.

Fig.1 Schematic Representation of ADGRG2 Structure with the Position of the Amino Acid Changes Resulting from the Identified Truncating Mutations. (Patat, et.al. 2016)

Application of ADGRG2 Membrane Protein in Literature

1. Zhang DL., et.al. Gq activity-and β-arrestin-1 scaffolding-mediated ADGRG2/CFTR coupling are required for male fertility. eLife. 2018, 7: e33432. PubMed ID: 29393851

This article reveals that manipulation of the signaling components of the ADGRG2-Gq/β-arrestin-1/CFTR complex by small molecules may be an effective therapeutic strategy for male infertility.

2. Balenga N., et.al. Orphan Adhesion GPCR GPR64/ADGRG2 Is Overexpressed in Parathyroid Tumors and Attenuates Calcium-Sensing Receptor-Mediated Signaling. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2017, 32(3): 654-66. PubMed ID: 27760455

This article suggests that the truncated constitutively active, but not the full-length GPR64 physically interacts with CaSR and attenuates the CaSR-mediated intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling and cAMP suppression in HEK293 cells. It indicates that GPR64 may be a physiologic regulator of PTH release that is dysregulated in parathyroid tumors, and suggest a role for GPR64 in pathologic calcium-sensing in parathyroid hormone.

3. Patat O., et.al. Truncating mutations in the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 gene ADGRG2 cause an X-linked congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2016, 99(2): 437-42. PubMed ID: 27476656

This article confirms that ADGRG2 plays a crucial role in human male fertility and brings new insight into congenital obstructive azoospermia pathogenesis.

4. Demberg LM., et.al. Identification of the tethered peptide agonist of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR64/ADGRG2. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2015, 464(3): 743-7. PubMed ID: 26188515

This report suggests that GPR64 can be activated through a tethered agonist sequence, which has previously identified as the Stachel sequence.

5. Yoo JY., et.al. G-protein coupled receptor 64 is required for decidualization of endometrial stromal cells. Scientific reports. 2017, 7(1): 5021. PubMed ID: 28694502

This article reveals that Gpr64 has a crucial role in the decidualization of endometrial stromal cells.

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Reference

1. Patat, et al. (2016). Truncating mutations in the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 gene ADGRG2 cause an X-linked congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 99(2), 437-442.

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