GPR139 Membrane Protein Introduction

Introduction of GPR139

Belonging to the class A orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, GPR139 is encoded by the GPR139 gene. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of cell surface proteins and they are involved in a broad spectrum of neuronal control about the vision, neurotransmission, immune responses, and metabolism. With two transcript variants, GPR139 was identified from bioinformatics analysis of the human genome. The high conservation between different species reminds that GPR139 has an important role in physiological processes.

Function of GPR139 Membrane Protein

GPR139 is predominantly expressed in different brain regions, and the distribution areas indicate the possible function of GPR139. Expressed in the striatum suggest that GPR139 may play a role in locomotor activity. Furthermore, the abundance of GPR139 in hypothalamus and habenula reveals a role in the regulation of food consumption and energy expenditure. GPR139 is thus a potential target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, obesity, eating disorders, and diabetes. As the surrogate agonist, structurally related benzohydrazide, glycine benzamide, and benzotriazine have been widely used. Three endogenous melanocortin 4 receptor agonists, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α- and β-melanocyte can active GPR139 in a low micromolar range. The activation of GPR139 is also performed by the essential amino acids L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) in the hundred-micromolar range, and the activation exhibits concentration-dependence. In addition, GPR139 agonists were demonstrated to protect dopaminergic neuronal degeneration against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPPC).

Fig.1 Structure of GPR139 membrane protein.

Application of GPR139 Membrane Protein in Literature

1. Nepomuceno D., et al. Re-evaluation of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Activation of GPR139 in Vitro. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2018, 9: 157. PubMed ID: 29599718
   
   

   This article suggests that when co-transfected with GPR139 and melanocortin (MC) receptors (MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R), three MC peptides: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), α- and β-melanocyte can stimulate hormones (α-MSH and β-MSH) calcium mobilization in cells. They unravel an in vitro interaction between GPR139 and the MCRs.

2. Nøhr A.C, et al. The GPR139 reference agonists 1a and 7c, and tryptophan and phenylalanine share a common binding site. Scientific reports. 2017, 7(1): 1128. PubMed ID: 28442765
   
   

   The authors provide a mutagenesis-guided model of GPR139 binding site to optimize structure-based ligand. Aide by mutagenesis, ligand docking, and free energy calculations, the authors testify that surrogate agonists 1a and 7c, and the endogenous amino acids L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) share a common binding site.

3. Shehata M.A, et al. Novel agonist bioisosteres and common structure-activity relationships for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR139. Scientific reports. 2016, 6: 36681. PubMed ID: 27830715
   
   

   Selecting from a pharmacophore model, the authors assay 158 new analogs of GPR139 agonists and identify 12 new GPR139 agonists, containing previously untested bioisosteres. Furthermore, they construct a new pharmacophore model to identify and optimize the GPR139 ligand.

4. Nøhr A.C, et al. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR139 is activated by the peptides: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), α-, and β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH, and β-MSH), and the conserved core motif HFRW. Neurochemistry international. 2017, 102: 105-113. PubMed ID: 27916541
   
   

   This article firstly reveals that adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α- and β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH and β-MSH) can activate GPR139 in the low micromolar range. As melanocortin 4 receptors, three peptides have conserved core motif HFRW. Moreover, α-MSH consisting of nine or ten N-terminal residues activated GPR139 in the submicromolar range.

5. Bayer Andersen, K., et al. Protection of primary dopaminergic midbrain neurons by GPR139 agonists supports different mechanisms of MPP+ and rotenone toxicity. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2016, 10: 164. PubMed ID: 27445691
   
   

   This article highlights that GPR139 agonists can protect primary mesencephalic DA neurons against 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium (MPPC)-mediated degeneration in vitro, however, the neurotoxin rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) cannot be prevented by GPR139. And the protection shows concentration-dependence and could be blocked by GPR139 antagonist.

GPR139 Preparation Options

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