GPR157 Membrane Protein Introduction

Introduction of GPR157

GPR157 belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family which constitutes the largest family of membrane receptors that transduce environmental signals into the cell by activating the cognate heterotrimeric G-proteins. GPR157 is encoded by the GPR157 gene which is located at 1p36.22, and the mass of which is 36,623 Da. GPR157 is expressed in the primary cilia of radial glial progenitors (RGPs) exposed to the cerebrospinal fluid.

Function of GPR157 Membrane Protein

The activity of GPR157 receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger. GPR157 also plays important roles in many biological processes, such as circadian behavior, positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled signaling pathway and cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Generally, Gα proteins can be divided into four subfamilies(Gα s, Gα i, Gα q, Gα 12/13), and it has been found that GPR157 couples with Gαq-class of the heterotrimeric G-proteins. What’ s more, in the developing neocortex, GPR157 is located in the primary cilia of radial glial progenitors (RGPs), and knockdown of GPR157 will inhibit neuronal differentiation of RGPs. Noticeably, GPR157 couples with Gαq and activates PLC-IP3 pathway. At the same time, GPR157-Gq-IP3 signaling contributes to neuronal differentiation of RGPs, it is supported by finding of decreased neuronal differentiation of RGPs in vivo upon depletion of GPR157, inactivation of Gαq and overexpression of IP3 sponge that sequesters IP3 and suppress IP3-dependent Ca²⁺ release from Ca²⁺ stores.

Fig.1 Model of GPR157 signaling in radial glial progenitors (Takeo, 2016).

Application of GPR157 Membrane Protein in Literature

1. Takeo Y., et al. The G protein-coupled receptor GPR157 regulates neuronal differentiation of radial glial progenitors through the Gq-IP3 pathway. Scientific Reports. 2016, 6:25180. PubMed ID: 27142930
   
   

   This article suggests that GPR157 couples with Gq-class of the heterotrimeric G-proteins and signals through IP3-mediated Ca²⁺ cascade, and GPR157 regulates neuronal differentiation of radial glial progenitors through the Gq-IP3 pathway.

2. Aldave A.J., et al. Analysis of fifteen positional candidate genes for Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy. Molecular Vision. 2005, 11:713. PubMed ID: 16163269
   
   

   Authors in this passage identify the genetic basis of Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy (SCCD) through screening of positional candidate genes in affected patients, and they find some novel SNPs in both affected and unaffected individuals in GPR157, MGC4399, and H6PD.

3. Kaushik A.C., et al. Deciphering Evolutionarily Conserved Orphan G-protein-coupled Receptors from Homolog Cluster. International Journal of Basic and Applied Biology. 2016, 3(2): 2394-5820.
   
   

   Authors in this group focus on deciphering evolutionarily conserved orphan G-protein-coupled receptors from homolog cluster, and then four O-GPCRs (GPR139, GPR142, GPR148, and GPR157) which were topologically close to each other with minimum evolutionary distances are identified.

4. Shpakov A.O. Structural-functional organization of signaling systems coupled to G-proteins in ameba Dictyostelium discoideum. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry & Physiology. 2006, 42(5):536-558. PubMed ID:
   
   

   This review summarizes and analyzed by 2006 the literature data on signaling systems coupled to G-proteins the ameba Dictyostelium discoideum, in mammalian genome, GPR133 and GPR157 orphan receptors have a relatively high homology with CAR, which is the most pronounced in the region of cAMP-binding domain.

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Reference

1. Takeo Y, et al. (2016). The g protein-coupled receptor gpr157 regulates neuronal differentiation of radial glial progenitors through the gq-ip3 pathway. Scientific Reports, 6, 25180.

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