SSTR3 Membrane Protein Introduction

Introduction of SSTR3

SSTR3 (Somatostatin Receptor 3) is a Protein in human that encoded by the SSTR3 gene. And it belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily (GPCR). SSTR3 encodes a member of the somatostatin receptor protein family. This receptor contains the characteristic seven transmembrane (TM) spanning alpha helical regions, with an extracellular C-terminal, an intracellular N-terminal and range from 362 to 428 amino acids. The biological effects of somatostatins are mediated by a family of G-protein coupled somatostatin receptors that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Somatostatin receptors form homodimers and heterodimers with other members of the superfamily as well as with other G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. SSTR3 is functionally coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Function of SSTR3 Membrane Protein

Somatostatins are peptide hormones that regulate diverse cellular functions such as neurotransmission, cell proliferation, and endocrine signaling as well as inhibiting the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. SSTR3 is the receptor for somatostatin-14 and -28. This receptor is coupled via pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. And SSTR3 associated with diseases include Pituitary Adenoma and Oncogenic Osteomalacia. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include G-protein coupled receptor activity and somatostatin receptor activity. In the recent studys, somatostatin has also been shown to inhibit the growth and proliferation of blood vessels (angiogenesis), by inhibition of endothelial cell growth, resulting in an inhibition of tumour cell growth. Angiogenesis is inhibited by the SSTR3 receptor subtype, and is involved the inhibition of MAPK and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity.

Fig. 1 Structure of SSTR3 membrane protein.

Application of SSTR3 Membrane Protein in Literature

1. Lehmann A., et al. Identification of Phosphorylation Sites Regulating sst3 Somatostatin Receptor Trafficking. Molecular endocrinology. 2016, 30(6):645-59. PubMed ID: 27101376.
   
   

   This article shows the human SSTR3 is expressed in about 50% of all neuroendocrine tumors and hence it is a promising target for multireceptor somatostatin analogs.

2. War S.A., et al. Human somatostatin receptor-3 distinctively induces apoptosis in MCF-7 and cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2015, 413:129-44. PubMed ID: 26112183.
   
   

   This article finds SSTR3 was overexpressed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and analyzed for downstream signaling molecules associated with cytostatic and cytotoxic effect. Cells overexpressing SSTR3 displayed inhibition of EGF induced proliferation and enhanced antiproliferative effect of SSTR3-specific agonist in comparison to non-transfected cells.

3. Stec-Michalska K., et al. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 3 in the gastric mucosa of dyspeptic patients in relation to Helicobacter pylori infection and a family history of gastric cancer. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2008, 23(3):424-9. PubMed ID: 17683502.
   
   

   Authors of this group aim to determine the influence of H. pylori infection and a family history of gastric cancer on the expression of SSTR3 in the gastric mucosa of non-cancer patients with dyspepsia. And they found a decrease in the density of SSTR3 (especially in the antrum) in individuals with H.

4. Stec-Michalska K., et al. Influence of cigarette smoking on the level of mRNA of somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3) in the gastric mucosa of patients with functional dyspepsia. Advances in medical sciences. 2010, 55(1):53-8. PubMed ID: 20570798.
   
   

   This article studied the influence of smoking cigarettes and H. pylori infection on the expression of SSTR3 in patients with functional dyspepsia. And they found the cigarettes smoking and H. pylori infection are independent factors leading to decreasing of the SSTR3 mRNA level in gastric mucosa of patients with functional dyspepsia.

5. Stec-Michalska K., et al. Somatostatin receptor subtype 3 (SSTR3) mRNA level in gastric mucosa of patients with dyspepsia. Polski merkuriusz lekarski. 2007, 22(131):341-5. PubMed ID: 17679363.
   
   

   This article shows the infection with H. pylori significantly decreased the SSTR3 level in antrum, especially in females. And they found H. pylori infection-related reduction of the SSTR3 density in the antrum mucosa speaks for the need of eradication of these bacteria in the prevention of distal gastric cancer.

SSTR3 Preparation Options

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