PTGDR2 Membrane Protein Introduction

Introduction of PTGDR2

PTGDR2 is a human protein encoded by the PTGDR2 gene. It has also been designated as CD294 (cluster of differentiation 294). It is a member of the class of prostaglandin receptors which bind with and respond to various prostaglandins. PTGDR2 along with Prostaglandin DP1 receptor are receptors for prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Activation of PTGDR2 by PGD2 or other cognate receptor ligands has been associated with certain physiological and pathological responses, particularly those associated with allergy and inflammation, in animal models and certain human diseases.

Function of PTGDR2 Membrane Protein

The activity of PTGDR2 is mediated by G proteins. Ligands that activate PTGDR2 stimulate the in vitro chemotaxis (i.e. directed migration) of leukocytes active in mediating allergic responses viz., eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 cells. PTGDR2 activation also stimulates eosinophils and basophils to release the many pro-allergic elements of their granules to the extracellular milieu. Studies in PTGDR2 gene-deficient (i.e. Dp2−/-) mice indicate that PTGDR2 is essential for controlling cell cycle genes in fetal testes which contribute to the arrest of the mitotic process and to the differentiation of germ cells.

Fig.1 PGD2/PTGDR2 signaling restricts the self‐renewal and tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. (Zhang, 2018)

Application of PTGDR2 Membrane Protein in Literature

1. Oguma T., et al. Role of prostaglandin D(2) and its receptors in the pathophysiology of asthma. Allergology International. 2008, 57(4): 307-312. PubMed: 18946232.
   
   

   The article has shown a positive linkage of the genetic polymorphisms in DP and CRTH2, with asthma phenotypes from specific ethnic backgrounds, further highlighting the importance of PGD(2) and its receptors in the pathophysiology of asthma.

2. Ricciotti E., et al. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2011, 31(5): 986-1000. PubMed: 21508345.
   
   

   This article summarizes insights into the mechanisms of prostaglandin generation and the roles of individual mediators and their receptors in modulating the inflammatory response. Prostaglandin biology has potential clinical relevance for atherosclerosis, the response to vascular injury and aortic aneurysm.

3. Claar D., et al. The role of prostaglandins in allergic lung inflammation and asthma. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 2015, 9(1): 55-72. PubMed: 25541289.
   
   

   In this article, they examine the effects of COX activity and the various PGs on allergic airway inflammation and physiology that is associated with asthma. They also highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting PGs in allergic lung inflammation and asthma based on basic science, animal model and human studies.

4. Rossitto M., et al. Multiple roles of the prostaglandin D2 signaling pathway in reproduction. Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2015, 149(1): R49-R58. PubMed: 25269616.
   
   

   This article summarizes the putative roles of PGD2 signaling and the roles of both PGD2 synthases in testicular formation and function and reviews the data reporting the involvement of PGD2 signaling in the differentiation of Sertoli and germ cells of the embryonic testis.

5. Garza L.A., et al. Prostaglandin D2 inhibits hair growth and is elevated in bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia. Science Translational Medicine. 2012, 4(126): 126ra34-126ra34. PubMed: 22440736.
   
   

   This article shows that prostaglandin D(2) synthase (PTGDS) is elevated at the mRNA and protein levels in bald scalp compared to the haired scalp of men with AGA. They define PGD(2) as an inhibitor of hair growth in AGA and suggest the PGD(2)-GPR44 pathway as a potential target for treatment.

PTGDR2 Preparation Options

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Reference

1. Zhang B., et al. (2018). PGD2/PTGDR2 Signaling Restricts the Self‐Renewal and Tumorigenesis of Gastric Cancer. STEM CELLS.

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