Machupo Virus Vaccine

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Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever and Machupo Virus

Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (BHF) is a contagious hemorrhagic fever disease, first discovered in Bolivia in 1962, hence got the name, also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever. The disease is caused by Machupo virus (MACV), a member of Arenaviridae family. Onset of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever is slow and symptoms of the disease are similar to that of malaria with fever, headache, malaise, and myalgia. During the hemorrhagic period of the disease, the upper part of the body usually has petechiae, and the nose and gums also bleed. This period occurs within 7 days after the start of the disease. About one-third of patients have severe bleeding symptoms or neurological symptoms such as tremors, nervous disorders, and convulsions. The mortality rate of the Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever is around 25%.

The pathogen of BHF is Machupo virus, which has to be operated with under biosafety level 4 conditions due to its high pathogenicity. The Machupo virus is spherical in shape with an average diameter of 120 nm. Its genome is single-stranded, double-segment RNA. The virus contains ribosomes, which makes it appear sandy under electron microscopy. The Machupo virus is enclosed in a layer of lipid envelope with spikes of 8-10 nm in length distributed outside. The host of the virus is Calomys callosus (originally from Bolivia and surrounding areas) and the virus is transmitted by secretions such as urine, feces, saliva and the like of infected rodents. The fact that the host of the virus is mainly distributed in Bolivia and surrounding areas limits the widespread epidemic of the virus. In addition, the virus can survive in the blood sample for 1-2 weeks in the absence of the host.

The Development of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever Vaccine

Previous studies have shown that survivors' convalescent serum can provide some protection to rhesus monkeys. Human immunoglobulin against Machupo virus also has a protective effect on rhesus monkeys. However, high-dose human immunoglobulin-inoculated rhesus monkeys have neurological symptoms and three of four primates that developed neurologic damage died later. Studies on non-human primates (NHP) have shown that the vaccine against Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever, provides cross-protection for NHP challenged by MACV. In addition, some researchers have found that MACV glycoproteins can be a key component of BHF vaccines.

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All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.