Vaccines for Bovine Papillomavirus

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are recognized as the causal agents of economical relevant diseases in cattle, associated with the development of tumors in skin and mucosa. Therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines are very effective tools in controlling viral infections, providing strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop effective vaccines against BPV.

Introduction Bovine Papillomavirus

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), belonging to the papillomavirus genus, is the causative agent of bovine teat papillomatosis, which can lead to severe economic losses in dairy cattle. BPV is a small non-enveloped virus with a genome of approximately 8 kilobases of double-stranded circular DNA molecules encoding the functionality, early (E) protein and structure, late (L) protein, which expressed at different stages of the viral cycle. The viral genome is also composed of non-coding regions, a long control region (LCR) associated with viral transcriptional regulation. The E region encodes the replication and transcriptional regulatory protein E1, E2 and transforming protein E5, E6, and E7, which are associated with uncontrolled cell proliferation and differentiation. The E4 protein formed by alternative splicing of the gene E1 and E1 / E4 transcripts is associated with the release of virions by disrupting the cytoskeletal structure. On the other hand, the L region encodes structural proteins L1 and L2, which assemble into capsids during viral particle maturation.

Currently, there are 14 known different types (BPV1-14) of bovine papillomaviruses based on biological properties and genome organization. Although papillomavirus is strictly considered for species specificity, BPV1 and BPV2 are thought to be the most important pathogens in the development of fibroblastic skin tumors or equine sarcoids, which affect horses, donkeys, and mules.

Vaccines for Bovine Papillomavirus

• DNA Vaccines

DNA vaccines are able to stimulate effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody responses by delivering foreign antigens to antigen presenting cells that stimulate CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, and therefore play a very important role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Compared to traditional vaccines, naked plasmid DNA vaccines have the following advantages: i) they can be produced in a short time; ii) the cost of large-scale production is considerably lower; iii) commercial sales do not require cold chains due to being stable at room temperature.

The E5 protein is one of the major BPV oncoproteins that acts by disrupting the mechanisms of growth inhibition and cell cycle control. In addition, it interacts with growth factor receptors to activate cell proliferation. The L2 protein is a minor viral capsid protein but is essential for papillomavirus infection. It is responsible for binding to the second viral receptor, thereby promoting the exit from the endosome and the delivery of the viral genome to the nucleus. For these reasons, BPV E5 and L2 proteins are considered to be strong candidates for DNA vaccines against bovine papillomatosis.

• Virus-like Particles (VLPs) Vaccines

Virus-like particles (VLPs) or chimeric VLPs (CVLPs) exhibit morphological and immunological characteristics of natural virions, but are not infectious and do not cause disease due to the absence of a genome. The major capsid proteins of the virus, including L1 and L2, initially self-assemble into multimer, which can, in turn, unite to form higher-order structures (VLPs). Currently, VLPs or CVLPs of various types of BPV have been produced from baculovirus-insect, yeast, and plant expression systems in Creative Biolabs. These VLPs are highly immunogenic and have been shown confer protection against future infection by BPV types from which they were derived. Consequently, they have utility as a potential prophylactic vaccine against BPV.

Our Services for BPV Vaccine

• Construction of vaccine vector
• Formulation development of vaccine
• Evaluation of immune effects
• Provide multiple types of expression systems
• Statistical analysis

Creative Biolabs is a leader in the field of vaccine development and has focused on viral vaccine development and qualification services for years. We have experienced experts and advanced platforms that are able to provide excellent services about BPV vaccine. If you have any needs in this regard, please let us know as soon as possible.

All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.