Aspergillus flavus-derived Exosome Research and Application

Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes harbor virulence factors associated with their donor Aspergillus flavus and are involved in fungal pathogenesis. Understanding Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes is beneficial for research into the biological mechanisms of Aspergillus flavus and its pathophysiology, promoting the development of new therapeutics. Creative Biolabs provides reliable exosome research services to help clients study Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes.

Features of Aspergillus flavus and Its Derived Exosomes

Aspergillus flavus	Aspergillus flavus-derived Exosome
As a common saprophytic mold widely distributed in soil, plants, food, and other environments, it has strong resistance to heat and dehydration. Most strains can produce aflatoxin, with gray-green mycelium that can form yellow spores under suitable conditions. The virulence of most pathogenic strains is mediated by their secretion of aflatoxins, which cause a variety of illnesses including aflatoxicosis, food poisoning from grains and dried fruits, inhalation allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and corneal ulcers. Most non-pathogenic strains are often used in the fermentation industry, including the fermentative production of some organic acids.	Aspergillus flavus-derived exosome is secreted and released during the growth and metabolism of Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes are typically 40-400 nm in diameter. Possess a variety of biological activities involved in Aspergillus flavus affecting and manipulating host cells during infection. Contain a number of antigens and virulence factors that trigger the defense mechanisms of the immune system to clear Aspergillus flavus infection.

Aspergillus flavus

Aspergillus flavus-derived Exosome

As a common saprophytic mold widely distributed in soil, plants, food, and other environments, it has strong resistance to heat and dehydration.
Most strains can produce aflatoxin, with gray-green mycelium that can form yellow spores under suitable conditions.
The virulence of most pathogenic strains is mediated by their secretion of aflatoxins, which cause a variety of illnesses including aflatoxicosis, food poisoning from grains and dried fruits, inhalation allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and corneal ulcers.
Most non-pathogenic strains are often used in the fermentation industry, including the fermentative production of some organic acids.

Aspergillus flavus-derived exosome is secreted and released during the growth and metabolism of Aspergillus flavus.
Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes are typically 40-400 nm in diameter.
Possess a variety of biological activities involved in Aspergillus flavus affecting and manipulating host cells during infection.
Contain a number of antigens and virulence factors that trigger the defense mechanisms of the immune system to clear Aspergillus flavus infection.

Fig. 1 NTA characterization of Aspergillus flavus-derived Exosome.¹

Studies of Aspergillus flavus and Its Derived Exosomes

Research	Conclusion
Investigation of the ability of Aspergillus flavus to produce exosomes.	Aspergillus flavus was cultured to cause spore formation, its spores were inoculated and cultured in a suitable medium, and then the conidium culture was collected. Filtering and concentrating the supernatant of Aspergillus flavus conidium culture by ultrafiltration. Finally, Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes were obtained by ultracentrifugation. NTA detected that these vesicles had a similar size and distribution as the common bacterial vesicles.
Assessment of Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes affecting the host immune response profile.	Bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed to Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes were found to produce important pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, NO, and IL-1β, in a dose-dependent manner.
Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes induced strong bactericidal activity in macrophages.	An assay of phagocytosis of macrophages showed that treatment with Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes stimulated enhanced bactericidal activity of macrophages with more fungal conidia being phagocytosed.
Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes induced polarization of the macrophage phenotype.	Macrophages co-incubated with Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes were detected to have significantly increased levels of the polarization marker iNOS transcripts, whereas there were no significant changes in the M2-associated polarization marker transcripts. This suggests that Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes stimulated macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype.
Detection of in vivo effects of Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes.	Galleria mellonella larval models were pretreated with Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes and subsequently attacked with Aspergillus flavus conidia. It was found that Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes reduced CFU levels in vivo, showing resistance to fungal infection through activation of the immune system.

Aspergillus flavus-derived exosomes delivering immunomodulatory actions and in vivo effects have been investigated, providing evidence for the discovery of new targets for interfering with Aspergillus flavus infections. Creative Biolabs is dedicated to providing comprehensive exosome research services to advance projects related to the Aspergillus flavus-derived exosome. Please contact us to get a solution.

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