Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Vaccine

Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus can cause huge economic losses to the fish farming industry, and the application of vaccines is an effective prevention method. Creative Biolabs has a wealth of experience and proven technology in the field of vaccines and is committed to the pathogenesis and immunology of pathogens, which is the most effective guarantee for vaccine development.

Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus

Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) belongs to the family of Orthomyxoviridae, the causative agent of infectious salmon anemia (ISA), which can cause serious economic losses to marine aquaculture. Because it can cause fatal diseases to fish and is a huge threat to fish farming, the virus has been listed by the EU as the most dangerous pathogen responsible for fish disease. The ISAVs that have been identified now have two subtypes of North American and European. The characteristics of ISAV in morphology, biochemistry, and physicochemistry are similar to those of influenza viruses. The virus is an enveloped particle with a diameter of 90-140 nm. The mushroom-like protrusions on the surface of the virus contain two proteins, one is hemagglutinin with receptor-binding function, and the other is esterase HE with enzyme activity that destroys the receptor. The viral genome is a linear, single-stranded positive-sense RNA with 8 segments and the proteins of the virus have low identity with proteins of other viruses of the same family.

ISAV is capable of causing a fatal systemic infection of raised Atlantic salmon but is asymptomatic for wild fish infections. The virus does not infect humans and other mammals because they are inactivated below pH 4.5 and they appear to be unable to replicate in human cells.

Immunity to ISAV

Unlike advanced vertebrates, teleost fish have only IgD-like and IgM-like immunoglobulins. Some studies have shown that receiving sera from fish recovered from ISAV infection, infected with ISAV before, and immunized with inactivated ISAV virus can increase the resistance of Atlantic salmon to the virus. Other studies have shown that there may be limited data on meaningful virus neutralization that may be due to Fc-receptor-mediated antibody-dependent uptake as well as the ability that ISAV could grow in macrophage-like fish cell lines, so further research should be conducted to determine the harmful antigens of the virus, which is the key to designing vaccines against the virus that provide sufficient effective immunity for fish. There is increasing evidence that Fc receptors are present in teleost fish and that ISAV infects lymphocytes and endothelial cells of Atlantic salmon, so scientists speculate that Fc-receptor-mediated antibody-dependent IVIS infection can also be aggravated in vivo, which will speed the disease process after the initial infection with the virus or cause the failure of vaccine to protect the fish and even aggravate the symptoms of clinical infection.

The Development of Vaccines for Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus

Vaccination is an effective way to control bacterial infections in fish, and its role can even replace the use of antibiotics. The control of viral diseases is relatively difficult because fish are highly sensitive to viruses and current inadequate understanding of the pathogenesis of the virus. In this case, vaccination remains an important strategy for combating ISAV infection. Currently only North America is allowed to conduct ISAV vaccination, and under certain conditions, Norway is also allowed to vaccinate. Information on the nucleotide sequence of ISAV and the putative encoded protein has been identified and these data are important basis for the development of the ISAV vaccine. The particularity of the species being inoculated makes the injection of vaccine an uneconomical delivery method for a large number of fish stocks. So, vaccination before the fry or eggs leaves the hatchery is particularly important, for which case viral vector is the most effective tool for delivering genes to somatic cells. Therefore, in addition to the design of vaccines, the scientific delivery of vaccines against Atlantic salmon is an extra consideration.

Creative Biolabs is a leader in the vaccine industry, and our achievements in the field of vaccines give us the absolute confidence to provide you with the highest quality and most reliable products and services. If you have any needs in vaccine development, please give us the opportunity to solve your problems.

All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.