Vaccines for Thogotovirus

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Thogotovirus

Thogotovirus is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The genome of this genus is RNA that is single-stranded, positive-sense, and is divided into 7 segments. Unlike other orthomyxoviruses, the thogotoviruses in the genus are arboviruses that are transmitted by arthropods and can replicate not only in tick cells but also in vertebrate cells. A typical species of the genus Thogotovirus is Thogoto virus (THOV), in addition to Dhori virus (DHOV), Aransas Bay virus (ABV), Araguari virus, Bourbon virus, Upolu virus (UPOV), and Jos virus (JOSV). The viruses of this genus can infect a wide range of mammals, some even can infect birds. THOV, DHOV, and Bourbon virus are also associated with human diseases.

Viral genomes in the viruses of the genus encode 7-9 proteins, including RNA polymerases composed of PA, PB1, and PB2, nucleoproteins that bind to the viral genome, matrix protein M1, and envelope glycoprotein GP as viral receptors. Unlike the influenza virus containing haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, the glycoprotein of thogotovirus is somewhat similar to the gp64 glycoprotein of the baculovirus that infects insects, which may be one reason why they can all infect ticks. The M-long (ML) protein encoded by THOV and JOSV is able to counteract the host's natural immunity, mainly to inhibit the production of interferon.

The Development of Vaccines for Thogotovirus

Mammals usually do not show symptoms after infection with thogotoviruses. THOV is a pathogen that causes sheep fever and miscarriage. As of 2015, there were only 8 reported human disease cases associated with thogotoviruses, one caused by Bourbon virus, two by THOV, and five by DHOV, and these cases did not show flu-like symptoms. Symptoms after thogotovirus infection include fever, lymphadenopathy, meningismus, and changes in mental status, etc. In addition to using insect repellents avoid going outside the wooded areas, it is more effective to develop vaccines against such viruses.

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All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.