Influenzavirus D Vaccine

The development of influenza virus vaccines has become a routine task for scientists. Creative Biolabs provides the most reliable products and services to vaccine developers worldwide. We are based on the international arena, continue to absorb the most advanced technologies, and transform them into the most valuable products and services with the most professional ability, helping vaccine researchers to successfully complete vaccine development.

Influenza D Virus

Influenza D virus is also a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, which infects pigs and cattle. Influenza D virus was once considered a subtype of influenza C virus and was not classified as a new genus in Orthomyxoviridae family until 2016. Compared with the influenza A, B, and C viruses, the influenza D virus causes fewer infections. And what is similar to the influenza C virus is that the RNA of the virus is also divided into 7 segments and encodes 9 proteins. Although Influenzavirus D was not detected in human serum samples, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against the virus were detected in humans and the incidence in the population was estimated to be 1.3%. This result suggests that the virus is also possible to infect humans, however, there is also the possibility that these antibodies may be produced by infection with influenza C virus and cross-react with influenza D virus. Therefore, additional research is needed on the determination of whether influenza D virus can infect humans.

The influenza D virus and the C-type have a 50% similarity in the amino acid sequence. Both viruses have no animal reservoirs, and the D-type influenza virus has been found to have two lineages. Although the isolation of the virus is difficult, studies have shown that it can occur around the world. Similar to influenza C, the surface protein of influenza D virus is hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF). Unlike the influenza A virus that does undergo antigenic drift, the C and D influenza viruses only have the ability to drift antigen, but no evidence of antigenic drift has been found.

The Development of Vaccines for Influenza D Virus

Influenza viruses A and B cause seasonal epidemics every year because of their characteristic of antigenic drift. The C and D influenza viruses do not have such ability, the symptoms caused in human species are very mild, and there is no related pandemic, so there is no available human vaccine for type C or D influenza virus. The current vaccines against influenza D virus are mainly used in cattle. There are two main vaccines against this virus, inactivated virus vaccines and DNA vaccines. The inactivated influenza virus D vaccine provides partial protection for the inoculated cattle, while the DNA vaccine expressing hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein stimulates the guinea pigs that were immunized to produce high-level neutralizing antibodies and achieves protection against both lineages of influenza D virus. The development of these vaccines not only prevents the virus from harming the health of cattle, which would cause economic losses but also can help prevent zoonotic diseases, although doubts about whether the virus can cause human infection have not been confirmed.

Creative Biolabs' outstanding contribution to the vaccine field has earned the highest respect from its peers around the world. After more than ten years of operation and development, we have established a comprehensive product and service system to help our customers carry out their vaccine research tasks more efficiently.

All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.