Pathways

The designation of natural antibodies (NAbs) is currently given to antibodies, circulating in normal individuals, that have been produced in the absence of overt specific antigenic stimulation. Natural autoantibodies (NAA) production was thought to be driven by cross-reactivities with environmental antigens, or by non-specific mechanisms accompanying immune responses, or else, to represent spontaneous, non-specific "leakage" of terminal B-cell maturation. At Creative Biolabs, we have the NAA expertise to optimize each stage of the project to ensure you get your desired outcome, achieving the highest levels of efficiency throughout.

Pathways in Various Diseases

NAA Associated Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by aberrant cellular and humoral immune responses to self-antigens. Therefore, research related to autoimmune diseases are mainly focused on understanding the mechanism of the adaptive immune system. The common innate immune pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous autoimmune disorders. It is important to further define the precise mechanisms involved in these processes.

Fig.1 Autoantibodies to intracellular antigens. (Burbelo, et al., 2021) Fig.1 Autoimmune diseases characterized by autoantibodies targeting intracellular proteins.¹

NAA and Infectious Diseases

Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world, causing a large proportion of infant deaths. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a key component of innate immunity and play a key role in fighting infection. Variation in the TLR signaling pathway is associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases.

NAA and Neurological Diseases

More and more evidence indicate that the abnormal coagulation pathway is related to the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases, and is closely related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Increased blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, a key event in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), leads to the irruption into the central nervous system of blood components that include virtually all coagulation/hemostasis factors.

Fig.2 Schematic representation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic pathway after blood-brain barrier damage. (Ziliotto, 2019)

NAA and Cardiovascular Diseases

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of surface molecules involved in innate immune responses. TLR2 and TLR4 have been shown to play a fundamental role in promoting cytokine production and subsequent inflammatory damage in these states. Blocking these receptors may be beneficial in preventing cardiovascular events and reducing complications.

NAA and Endocrine Diseases

The endocrine system is interested in several autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune thyroid disorders and type 1 diabetes mellitus are the most common autoimmune endocrine disorders. Autoimmune endocrine diseases can also coexist in the same individuals and cluster in families.

NAA Associated Hematological Diseases

Tyrosine kinase oncogenes are formed by mutations that induce constituent kinase activity. Many of these tyrosine kinase oncogenes are commonly involved in the regulation of hematopoietic or hematopoietic cell function. The first tyrosine kinase oncogene associated with human hematologic disease, Bcr ± Abl, was identified almost twenty years ago, and there is now evidence for the involvement of multiple tyrosine kinase oncogenes in acute and chronic leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas.

NAA and Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by numerous signal abnormalities that ultimately lead to clinical and pathological features. The pathological changes of DN suggest abnormal glomerular cell growth and protein synthesis. Multiple cell signaling pathways, including ERK, PKC, and Smad, are activated in the diabetic kidney. Several recent studies also suggest that activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is also important.

NAA and Pulmonary Diseases

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable condition. Lung cancer is a genetically complex and heterogeneous disease caused by oncogene mutations. Under the influence of genetic and epigenetic changes, normal cells gradually transform into malignant derivatives.

NAA and Cancers

Autoantibodies against autologous tumor-associated antigens have been detected in the asymptomatic stage of cancer and can therefore be used as biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. The discovery of highly sensitive and specific tumor-associated antigen and autoantibody markers will contribute to the development of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for cancer patients.

Autoantibodies are useful biomarkers in clinical diagnosis and important reagents for elucidating the structure and function of intracellular proteins in cell biology. They have expanded the field of disease immunodiagnostics. Creative Biolabs is a leading international biotechnology company. We pride ourselves on being an innovator and problem solver in the NAA industry. We provide you with the right support and expertise for each of the different stages of the NAA projects. If you are interested in our NAA services and products, please contact us for more detail.

References

Burbelo, Peter D., et al. "Autoantibodies targeting intracellular and extracellular proteins in autoimmunity." Frontiers in immunology 12 (2021): 548469.
Ziliotto, Nicole, et al. "Coagulation pathways in neurological diseases: multiple sclerosis." Frontiers in Neurology 10 (2019): 409.

Choosing natural autoantibody (NAA) microarray to profile autoantibody repertoire and reveal novel disease's marker.

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