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PPAR Stimulation by Linoleic Acid

Creative Biolabs is committed to providing a diverse range of stem cell research services, encompassing the physiological and pathological elucidation under the regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs).

PPARs: Deciphering Key Regulatory Factors

PPARs belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, serving as ligand-activated transcription factors that govern lipid, lipoprotein metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Their primary functions include regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and participating in physiological processes such as inflammation modulation.

Fig.1 PPAR signaling in mice exposed to high glucose levels. (Lee, et al., 2009)Fig.1 Hypothesized model for PPAR signaling in high glucose mouse.1

PPARs are classified into three subtypes: α, γ, and δ, each expressed in different tissues and interacting with specific ligands to regulate the expression of their respective target genes.

  • PPARα: Expressed in tissues with high fatty acid metabolism such as liver and heart, activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids and leukotriene B4, participating in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism.
  • PPARγ: Mainly expressed in adipocytes, macrophages, placenta, among other tissues, activated by specific fatty acid metabolites (such as 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2) or thiazolidinediones, participating in lipogenesis and regulating lipid homeostasis.
  • PPARδ: Expressed early in embryonic development and maintains a widespread expression pattern in adulthood. Its functions are diverse, involved in various tissue development and metabolic processes including epidermal maturation, wound healing, tumorigenesis, muscle development, embryonic growth, stem cell proliferation, and lipid/glucose metabolism.

PPARs and Stem Cell Function

Stem cell function is subject to extensive signal regulation, and studies have demonstrated that metabolic signals generated by the PPARδ-fatty acid oxidation pathway promote the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells. Lack of PPARδ severely impairs the function of hematopoietic stem cells in vivo.

Fig.2 The role of linoleic acid in stem cell metabolism. (Kang, et al., 2014)Fig.2 Linoleic acid in stem cell metabolic.2

PPARs and Diseases

PPARs are associated with various diseases, including lipid metabolism disorders, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and skin diseases. They play a crucial role in regulating cellular metabolism, inflammatory responses, and tissue repair.

  • Acne

Linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated essential fatty acid and a natural ligand for PPARα and PPARγ, activates keratinocyte proliferation and lipid synthesis, thereby enhancing skin barrier repair. Data have shown that skin prone to acne and other dermatoses (human and animal) often lack linoleic acid.

  • Other Diseases

PPARs are involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis, thus closely related to related diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or some inflammatory diseases. Intervention strategies targeting PPARs are considered potential means to improve symptoms.

Our Services

Creative Biolabs is dedicated to providing comprehensive, professional, and customized services to assist you in entering the field of stem cell research and to provide comprehensive support for your scientific research and preclinical work. We offer comprehensive PPAR in vitro research services to help you understand the critical role of PPARs in physiological pathways and pathology and to develop potential disease intervention strategies.

Please do not hesitate to contact us for robust support.

References

  1. Lee, Lee, et al. "Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)δ in Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation." International Journal of Stem Cells 1.2 (2009): 28-34.
  2. Kang, Wan, et al. " Concise review: regulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiation by essential fatty acids and their metabolites." Stem Cells 32 (2014): 1092-1098.

For Research Use Only. Not For Clinical Use.