Vaccines for Virus from Astroviridae Family
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Astrovirus
As a pathogen of gastroenteritis in children, the virus in the Astroviridae family was first discovered in 1975. The virus is hosted by humans, mammals, and avian species. Depending on the Astroviridae-infected host, the family's virus can be divided into two genera, Mamastrovirus (MAstV) and Avastrovirus (AAstV), the former infecting mammals and the latter infecting avian. Astrovirus (AstV) has no envelope, the genome is single-stranded, positive-sense RNA, and the virus replicates in the human gastrointestinal tract. The main manifestations of gastroenteritis caused by Astrovirus include diarrhea, nausea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The severity of the disease is related to the region, because different climatic factors have different effects on the life cycle and mode of transmission of such viruses, and the individual's immune status and nutritional situations have a great influence on the progress of the disease caused by the viruses, sometimes patients infected with the viruses can heal themselves without hospitalization. In general, the astroviruses that are being studied for vaccine research are Chicken Astrovirus, Porcine Astrovirus, Bovine Astrovirus, and Human Astrovirus.
Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
The most common disease caused by Astrovirus is diarrhea. The histological changes caused by the infection of the intestine are mild, and the viruses usually cause little inflammatory reaction. The inflammatory response and destruction of the intestinal epithelium play a minor role in AstV infection. On the contrary, the main cause of the disease is the rapid loss of body fluids and electrolytes that was induced by the weakened normal absorption of the intestine, inhibited activation of secretion process, and damage of intestinal epithelial barrier permeability, all of which were attributed to infection with AstV. The turkey model study of AstV infection found that during the infection, the activity of maltase decreased, and the decrease in the activity of this enzyme affected the absorption and decomposition of disaccharide, which in turn caused osmotic diarrhea and subsequently led to intestinal malabsorption. Absorption of sodium ions due to redistribution of sodium transporters was also found in the model. In addition, the fact that HAstV infection affects epithelial barrier permeability independently of replication of the virus indicates that HAstV’s capsid protein may function as an enterotoxin.
Development of Vaccines for Astrovirus
Infection with astroviruses can cause gastroenteritis in children who are still immature in the immune system or in immunocompromised elderly. Such viruses are also the fourth most common pathogen known to cause viral gastroenteritis. Although the symptoms caused by Astroviruses are relatively mild to the host, they still affect the health and quality of life of children and the elderly who are more sensitive to the virus. Therefore, it is still necessary to develop a vaccine to prevent Astrovirus infection. In addition to the preparation of monovalent inactivated vaccines or subunit vaccines targeting viral capsid proteins, it is a promising strategy to prepare a vaccine that can prevent the infection of AstV, Noroviruses and Hepatitis E viruses at the same time since these three viruses are all intestinal-transmitted and cause gastroenteritis.
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All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.
