Sheeppox Virus Vaccine

Creative Biolabs is a company specializing in vaccine development and service. Since its establishment more than ten years ago, the company has developed a complete R&D and service system in all aspects of the vaccine field and has successfully provided excellent services to customers around the world. We have a wealth of experience and fruits in the field of poxvirus vaccines to provide you with the most effective service.

Sheeppox Virus

Sheeppox is a contagious disease that mainly occurs in sheep herd and causes severe economic losses. The disease is caused by the agent of sheeppox virus, which is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, and Middle East. The virus belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus in the family Poxviridae and could infect sheep of all ages, leading to huge economic loss through decreased yield of milk, loss of weight of sheep, hides and wool damage as well as increased abortion rates. Besides, the infection of sheeppox virus enhanced the vulnerability of sheep to pneumonia and other infections. Sheep that developed with the disease are accompanied by symptoms including fever, generalized lesions on the skin, rhinitis, and salivation. The genome of sheeppox virus is about 150 kb, and the identity in nucleotide between sheeppox virus and goatpox virus is 96%. The virus mainly residents in wild or domesticated sheep and is able to transmit via air or contact with infected animals. Sheeppox virus also could exist in saliva, milk, feces, and secretions of infected sheep.

Interactions between Sheeppox Virus and Host

In the early stage of immune response, the innate immune is aroused into the battle. During this time, kinds of factors and cells like complement, IFN and inflammatory as well as NK cells are produced and perform to block the infection. Interferons exert antiviral effects in two ways. One is to induce the production of antiviral state, to inhibit the growth of peripheral cells and to produce MHC antigens, and the other is to activate macrophages, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells, thereby activating cellular immune response to clear infected cells. However, it depends on several issues for interferons to play their roles, including the route of immunization, species of poxvirus and host. Once the innate immune response fails to control the pathogen, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are in their turns to come into play.

To evade from immune responses of host, the viruses have to evolve themselves to modulating the host immune response. Thus, they usually encode a range of proteins with different functions to counter their host. Most of such proteins are analogs of nature modulators in host like cytokines and their receptors, all of which have shown to interfere with cytokine-signaling pathways. These activities help sheeppox virus escape from immune detection and even recruit leukocytes to increase numbers of host cells for wider dissemination. An in-depth understanding of interactions between virus and host is significantly instructive for researchers to design and evaluate the related vaccines.

Based on years of exploration of sheeppox virus, Creative Biolabs now has a thorough understanding of the sheeppox virus and put it into practice, and successfully prepared a variety of well-performed attenuated and inactivated sheeppox vaccines. We have also made great progress in the research and development of other types of sheeppox vaccines.

The Development of the Sheeppox Vaccine

Sheeppox is a huge threat to countries with animal husbandry as their main industry. For such countries, vaccination is a feasible strategy to avoid the loss. Currently, there are many inactivated or live vaccines are available for sheeppox. Killed vaccines are often employed with adjuvants to present better effect. There are kinds of measures to kill virus, like using agents such as ethanol, formaldehyde, sodium merthiolate, β-propiolactone, UV irradiation, and acetyl ethyleneimine. As for adjuvants, aluminum is most commonly used. Other than killed vaccines, live sheeppox virus is attenuated to prepare vaccines. Russian, Rumanian Fanar, RM/ 65 and Ranipet are commonly used as candidate strain. PLT/SLT (primary or secondary lamb testes) cell cultures, bovine muscle, goat testes, goat kidney as well as cell lines like Vero and BHK21 are generally used for virus passaging. And heterologous host cells are beneficial to attenuate virulence of the virus. Runanian Fanar strain cultured from PLT and Ranipet strain adapted from thyroid cells are available in India. In addition, SPPV-Sinagar that derived from passaging in Vero cells shows safety and efficacy and is able to provide protection for 2 years. Kenyan sheep and goat 0240 strain (KSG), a natural recombinant Carpripoxvirus, is potent and safe for immunized sheep and goats and the vaccine are applied in African.

In addition to monovalent vaccines, combined vaccines are an important part of the herd vaccination program. At present, the combined application of formalin-inactivated sheeppox vaccine, anthrax vaccine, and multivalent aluminum hydroxide vaccine against Clostridium infection has become a reality. Moreover, vaccines containing SPPV-RF and PPR (Sungri/96) are also available in India. Another combined vaccine containing Srinagar 38/00 and thermally stable PPRV also showed better immunogenicity. Recently, the effectiveness of a formaldehyde-inactivated epsilon toxin adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide in combination with an attenuated sheeppox virus is being evaluated.

Inactivation and attenuation are mainly two strategies for preparation of sheeppox vaccines. Creative Biolabs has a wealth of experience and strategy in the development of different types of vaccines. For the sheeppox vaccine, we have a variety of inactivation methods to prepare killed vaccines that meet different needs, and we also have various strategies to achieve virus attenuation including serial passaging in different cell lines, genetic modification, and the like. We are also able to develop multivalent and combined vaccines to prevent multiple viruses. In addition to ready-made vaccines, we also offer services related to all aspects of vaccine development to help you prepare the ideal vaccine.

All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on humans or animals.