Introduction of Gut Microbiota
The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as a highly complicated and plentiful community, containing trillions of microbes. It is also a large and diverse collection of viruses, bacteria as well as other organisms. Although the composition of the group varies from person to person, they are in relative balance in healthy individuals, with the first few years of life being a critical period for microbiota establishment. In most cases, humans show variable reactions to dietary and probiotic interventions. Studies have illustrated that these microbes are strongly related to this population heterogeneity. They participate in numerous essential activities, including digestion, energy harvesting and immune defense. Moreover, accumulating data indicate that imbalances in the GM are closely linked to the occurrence of various disorders. Importantly, the interaction between the microbiota and the immune system is emerging as the focus of research. Currently, studying how to manipulate the microbiome to treat disease and improve human health is one of the most promising areas of science.
Fig.1 Role of GM in bone. (Chen, 2022)
Classifications
The human gut is home to a great number of microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses. Generally speaking, the human microbiota changes continuously throughout the life cycle, which is also a significant indicator of the health status of individuals at different stages. The microbial element of the collection varies widely across the digestive tract. For example, a limited number of microbial species exist in the stomach and small intestine. In contrast, the colon contains an abundance of microbial species. In addition to bacteria, other microorganisms such as fungi, protists, archaea as well as viruses are also found in the gut. Almost all gut bacteria are anaerobic, but it is notable that aerobic bacteria reach a high density in the cecum. Additionally, some fungi have also been detected in the intestinal tract, such as Saccharomyces, Candida, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Rhodotorula. Archaea are also a vital part of the microbiota, and they exert a key function in the metabolism of fermentative bacterial products. Interestingly, despite the unique ingredient of individual GM, metabolic functions are highly conserved between individuals.
Functions
The gut microbiome is becoming increasingly popular, as multiple data demonstrated that it performs a pivotal function in maintaining the intestinal epithelium, fighting pathogens, controlling immune function and metabolizing pharmaceutical compounds. Furthermore, evidence reveals that gut microbes maintain the body in good condition by producing vitamins, boosting the immune system, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and fermenting unused foods. When the number and types of microorganisms are in a relatively balanced state, this state is called normal. However, when this balance is disrupted, it can lead to dysbiosis in the gut.
Related Diseases
The GM plays a crucial role in defending against pathogens. Dysbiosis of intestinal bacteria contributes to the development of many inflammations and infections. In recent years, accumulating evidence has revealed that the microbiome is involved in a variety of illnesses, including cancer, obesity, chronic malnutrition, autoimmune diseases, osteoporosis and neuronal disorders.
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- Chen, Y.; et al. Gut Microbiota and Bone Diseases: A Growing Partnership. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022: 1654.