Anti-Chlamydia Antibody Products

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Overview of Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a collection of aerobic, obligate intracellular pathogens that can establish continuous infections in diverse mammalian host species, ranging from humans to amoebae. Therefore, Chlamydia is closely linked to many different illnesses. Although Chlamydia includes many species, all species contain lipooligosaccharides (LOS), the essential lipid components of bacterial outer membranes. At present, Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) as well as Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), are the best-studied species, which are the main species that infect humans and can lead to many diseases.

Cell Structure and Metabolism

C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae are classified as Gram-negative pathogens. They are usually presented as balls or rods and require growing cells to remain viable. It is worth noting that Chlamydia cannot synthesize ATP by itself, nor can it grow on an artificial medium, so it was once considered a virus. The unique cell wall of C. trachomatis is thought to be closely related to virulence because it inhibits phagolysosome fusion in phagocytic cells. This unique cell wall structure allows pathogens to divide intracellularly and survive extracellularly.

Life Cycle of Chlamydia

All Chlamydia share a special biphasic life cycle in which they alternate between noninfectious reticulate bodies (RBs) and infectious elementary bodies (EBs) forms. Two distinct forms emerge in the life course of C. trachomatis. First, C. trachomatis adsorbs to new host cells in the form of small spores called EBs. Then EBs enter the host cell and are surrounded by inclusion bodies. C. trachomatis converts to an active RB in inclusion bodies. RB significantly alters the inclusion, making it a more suitable venue for the rapid multiplication of bacteria. Masses of intracellular bacteria then convert back to resistant EBs, which are released through specific pathways. The new EBs will attach to the new host cells.

The C. trachomatis developmental cycle. Fig.1 The C. trachomatis developmental cycle. (Murray, 2021)

Chlamydia Infection

Chlamydia infection can cause various diseases. The most clinically prominent species in humans is C. trachomatis, which is strongly associated with many serious diseases, including hydrosalpinx, pelvic inflammatory disease, and female genital tract infertility. In addition, C. pneumoniae infection is also very common in humans, it often causes acute and chronic respiratory diseases, and is considered a potential risk factor related to the development of atherosclerotic heart disease. Several antibiotics that affect protein synthesis are effective against chlamydial infection, including quinolones, tetracyclines as well as macrolides. Notably, C. pneumoniae lacks tryptophan recycling or biosynthetic pathways and is resistant to sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Although the chlamydial infection can be treated with antibiotics, eradicating the bacterium still faces huge challenges such as production costs, and there is no effective vaccine to date.

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Reference

  1. Murray, S.M.; McKay, P.F. Chlamydia trachomatis: Cell biology, immunology and vaccination. Vaccine. 2021, 39(22): 2965-2975.

For Research Use Only. Do NOT use in humans or animals.

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