Anti-Microbial Toxin Antibody Products

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Overview

The toxin enters the cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis and undergoes autocatalytic lysis in the cytoplasm, releasing enzyme domains. Toxins have been believed to be neutralized by antibodies not by indirect mediated measures but rather by a direct “interfering” antibody-dependent mechanism in which antibodies bind to toxins and interfere with their interaction with host cells, thereby preventing the toxin from attaching to the target cell or its enzyme activity, which could otherwise damage the target cell. Anti-toxin antibodies are present in the general population, and antitoxin seropositivity prevalence in the general population of 24 or 66% has been previously reported. They may be directly protective against disease by neutralizing secreted toxins. The association of anti-toxin antibodies with decreased recurrence risk may be explained by their ability to remove toxins and stabilize the gut epithelium and microbiota. Antibacterial drugs kill microorganisms but do not eradicate preformed toxins, and a specific antibody is the only compound that can neutralize a specific toxin. As a result, antibodies remain attractive for treatment.

Anti-toxin Antibodies to Different Infectious Diseases

  • C. difficile Infection (CDI)

C. difficile produces two potent exotoxins: Toxin A (TcdA) and Toxin B (TcdB). These toxins induce a broad range of pathologies locally (inflammation, colonic epithelium damage), and potentially could induce cardiotoxicity, as demonstrated in zebrafish embryos. The severe pathogenesis of CDI is regulated by the expression of genes located at pathogenic sites that control major functions such as toxin production (toxin A and B genes), toxin expression (toxin R), toxin release (toxin E), and toxin synthesis (toxin C). Anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB antibodies protect colonized patients from developing CDI or recurrent disease.

Studies conducted in animal models established the protective mechanism of antitoxin antibodies against CDI independent of its host effector functions. Oral antibodies targeting pathogens to limit the gastrointestinal tract offer a very attractive therapeutic strategy. Antibodies have proven to be capable of protecting from rCDI, while mostly being directed against toxins. A better understanding of the virulence factors of CD could help broaden therapeutic targets and potentially generate antibodies suitable for severe refractory CDI or CDI caused by "highly virulent" strains. Passive immunization with intravenous anti-toxin A and B antibodies is capable of both preventing and treating CDI.

  • S. aureus

Polyclonal antitoxin antibodies are also protective in animal models of S. aureus infection. Antibodies against S. aureus toxins may be of particular value because they neutralize the binding affinity of the toxin and prevent pro-inflammatory responses and cytolytic activity. In addition, even after insertion into the cell membrane, they can prevent the oligomerization of the toxin, and thus the cytolytic activity of the toxin.

  • Anthrax

Anthrax is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Extensive efforts have produced therapeutically useful monoclonal antibodies against each virulence component: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF), and capsules of Bacillus anthracis. Human polyclonal antibodies (anthrax immunoglobulin (AIG)) derived from the plasma of human volunteers vaccinated with the AVA vaccine have been recommended for urgent research into new drugs. With the advent of new antibody techniques, it is possible to produce fully human or human-like monoclonal antibodies. Several therapeutically useful anti-PA, anti-LF, anti-EF, and anti-capsule mAbs have been produced. The use of a combination of mAbs that target different epitopes or virulence factors can maximize the protective efficacy because it not only extends the protective coverage but may also synergize the protective efficacy.

Comprehensive protection could be achieved by a combination of anti-PA, anti-LF, anti-EF, and anti-PGA mAbs that target major steps of the infection process. Fig.1 Comprehensive protection could be achieved by a combination of anti-PA, anti-LF, anti-EF, and anti-PGA mAbs that target major steps of the infection process. (Chen, 2011)

Related Anti-Microbial Protein Antibody Products

Anti-Enzyme Abs
Anti-Toxin Abs
Anti-Membrane Protein Abs
Anti-Flagellin Abs
Anti-Skeleton Protein Abs
Anti-Photosynthetic Protein Abs
Anti-Photosensitive Protein Abs

Creative Biolabs' deep industry expertise coupled with a multi-platform approach provides customers with tailor-made high-performance antibody products. You can rely on our expertise, understanding, experience, and enthusiasm to achieve the best collaborative experience in a reliable manner and fast turnaround time. If you are interested in our anti-microbial enzyme antibody products, please contact us for more details.

Reference

  1. Chen, Z.; et al. Monoclonal antibody therapies against anthrax. Toxins. 2011, 3(8): 1004-1019.

For Research Use Only. Do NOT use in humans or animals.

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