Anti-Microbial Flagellin Antibody Products

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Introduction of Flagellin

Among bacterial antigens, flagellin is an interesting candidate for a role in mucosal immune responses. Specifically, flagellin is a common bacterial antigen found on most active bacteria in the gut. Furthermore, flagellin has been identified as a pathogen-associated molecular model. Flagellated microorganisms express several Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands including flagellin, a protein constituent of the bacterial flagella. In the extracellular space, flagellin is recognized by TLR5 expressed by antigen-presenting cells and T cells.

Structure of Flagellin

Flagellin is the main structural protein of the flagella, the whammy filaments that attach to the surface of bacteria and provide the main power for the bacterial movement of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Due to its widespread presence in different bacterial species and extremely high levels in every bacterial cell, flagellin is a powerful PAMP and a prime target of the host immune system. Monomeric flagellin (30-60 kDa, dependent upon the taxa of the bacterium) contains four distinct globular domains, D0, D1, D2, and D3, shaped into a “boomerang”. The D0 domain consists of about 40 amino acids at each end of the flagellin molecule. The LRR domain of TLR5 binds directly to the conserved D1 domain of flagellin.

TLR5 and Anti-flagellin Responses in Mice

TLR5 is expressed on the basolateral surface of intestinal epithelial cells and is a cell surface receptor for flagellin, a structural component of bacterial flagella. Ipaf, a member of the NOD-LRR (leucine-rich repeat) protein family, has been shown to recognize intracellular flagellin and activate inflammasomes, stimulate caspase-1, and activate pro-inflammatory IL-1β in salmonella-infected macrophages in a TLR5-independent manner. A related group of flagellins, most similar to those of Clostridium subphylum cluster XIVa, have been identified as a novel class of immunodominant antigens in multiple models of murine colitis. This solidifies the immunodominant antigens of flagellin in the gut and suggests that they are effective mediators of innate immune activation and response to the microbiome.

IgA and gut homeostasis. Fig.1 IgA and gut homeostasis. (Alexander, 2014)

Flagellin in Inflammatory Responses

Flagellin is the principal component of bacterial flagellum and a major target of the host immune system. The central role of flagellin inducing inflammatory responses against different flagellates has recently been highlighted. Flagellin, as an immunodominant flora antigen, has become a useful probe for studying innate and adaptive immune responses.

  • Specific flagellin molecules may represent novel targets for antigen-directed therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Flagellin is highly antigenic and has the potential to induce dendritic cell maturation, cytokine, and chemokine production. Antibodies against flagellins are well documented in IBD.
  • Human anti-flagellin antibodies may drive adaptive immune responses in Crohn’s disease (CD). ASCA, pANCA, anti-OmpC, anti-flagellin, and anti-I2 are some of the known biomarkers used for CD diagnosis. Anti-A4-Fla2_IgG, a well-studied anti-bacterial flagellin antibody in CD. CBir1 and related flagellins have been identified as immunodominant antigens in murine colitis and CD, thus flagellin reactivity has proven to be a valuable tool in understanding microbiota-specific responses.
  • A flagellin from the pathogenic bacterium Yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM) that primarily affects farmed salmonids, has been shown to induce non-specific protection against a variety of bacterial pathogens in vivo in rainbow trout. The ability of flagellin to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and in synergy with a type 1 cytokine (IFN-g) to up-regulate the expression of specific isoforms of IL-12 and TNF-a isoforms, suggests that flagellin has the potential to be an immune stimulant or adjuvant in future novel vaccines for fish aquaculture as suggested by others.

Related Anti-Microbial Protein Antibody Products

Anti-Enzyme Abs
Anti-Toxin Abs
Anti-Membrane Protein Abs
Anti-Flagellin Abs
Anti-Skeleton Protein Abs
Anti-Photosynthetic Protein Abs
Anti-Photosensitive Protein Abs

The goal of Creative Biolabs scientists in molecular biology and antibodies is to provide customers with affordable development services and reliable results. If you are interested in our antibody products for different targets, please contact us.

Reference

  1. Alexander, K.L.; et al. Microbiota activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunological reviews. 2014, 260(1): 206-220.

For Research Use Only. Do NOT use in humans or animals.

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